Commonly Confused Words Grate and Great

The words grate and great are homophones: they sound the same but have different meanings. Definitions As a noun, grate means a fireplace or a framework of crossed bars. As a verb, grate means to grind, scrape, or irritate. The adjective great means much more than average or ordinary in size, extent, volume, value, or importance. Examples The chair was deep, and dry logs  crackled in the grate, contrasting pleasantly with the patter of rain against the window.(Sylvia Townsend Warner, Winter in the Air and Other Stories, 1955)Harveys laughter made Aunt Karen grate her teeth.Anything is possible on a train: a great meal, a binge, a visit from card players, an intrigue, a good nights sleep, and strangers monologues framed like Russian short stories.(Paul Theroux,  The Great Railway Bazaar, 1975)I love my father, but its  a complicated love. He  can be great, really great, and then hes suddenly a storm slowly building, a storm that finally tosses lawn furniture  and garbage cans, knocks trees down onto  roofs.(Deb Caletti, The Story of Us. Simon Pulse, 2012)Onto the high plains sifted  the fine snow, delicately clouding the air, a rare dust, beautiful, he thought, silk gauze, but there was muscle in the wind rocking the heavy car, a great pulsing artery of the jet stream swooping down from the sky to touch t he earth.(Annie Proulx, The Half-Skinned Steer. The Atlantic Monthly, 1998)I toasted the grated cheese besides the great grate on the great fire that was in the great hall at my great-grandfathers mansion.(J. Jonathan Gabay, Gabays Copywriters Compendium: The Definitive Professional Writers Guide. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007) Idiom Alerts The expression to grate on (someone) or to grate on (someones) nerves means to annoy or bother a person.ReiIlys genuine sympathy and nice-guy attitude were starting to  grate on my  nerves. People just werent that kind.(Kelly Meding,  Another Kind of Dead. Bantam, 2011)The expression great minds think alike (or simply, great minds) means that one person agrees with another on some issue.Gabe laughed. . . . Maybe we can follow him and find out what hes up to.At this, Abby couldnt help but smile. I was actually thinking the same thing.Gabe smiled at her, so openly that her stomach flipped. Why did he have to keep doing that? Great minds, he said. Ill see you at practice. Well figure out our plan of attack then.(Cassandra Dunn,  The Art of Adapting. Thorndike, 2014) Practice (a) Moby Dick, the _____ white whale, was a symbol of the worlds evils to Captain Ahab.(b) Carefully she tore the letter into narrow strips and touched a lighted match to them in the coal _____.(Katherine Anne Porter, Theft. The Gyroscope, 1930)(c) Harolds first _____ mistake was attempting to cheat on the exam. Answers to Practice Exercises Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words 200 Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs Answers to Practice Exercises: Grate and Great (a) Moby Dick, the great white whale, was a symbol of the worlds evils to Captain Ahab.(b) Carefully she tore the letter into narrow strips and touched a lighted match to them in the coal grate.(Katherine Anne Porter, Theft.  The Gyroscope, 1930)(c) Harolds first great mistake was attempting to cheat on the exam.

Spirited Away ( 2001 ) - 1250 Words

Spirited Away (2001) Spirited Away Spirited Away When Miyazaki retired, he took the time to enjoy life and old age in the country. One summer in the mountain, surrounded by his descendants and a group o ten-year-old girls that were friends of the family, Miyazaki felt a new urge to create. He thus wrote himself out of retirement with Spirited Away, which stands as Japan s most successful film ever made, bringing 23 million viewers to the dark rooms in Japan alone and grossing nearly 300 million dollars worldwide. Spirited Away tells the story of ten-year-old Chihiro, who, whilst looking for the new house that she and her family are moving into, finds herself and her parents in a deserted theme park. Her parents are changed into pigs for having eaten what wasn t theirs and Chihiro finds herself alone in a strange world full of ghosts, spirits and legends. Chihiro is forced to work for the owner of the gods thermal baths, the terrifying witch Yubaba. Whilst trying to blend into the odd society of weird creatures that act as her co-workers and customers in order to keep safe, Chihiro must find a way to save her parents and go home. Rarely has a movie been more original, featuring a series of such unexpected and captivating events in the most mystical world. For me, Spirited Away is perhaps the most magical experience I have ever had at the cinema. No movie has ever captivated, enthralled and moved me as the tale of Chihiro s journey did, to the point of leaving me inShow MoreRelatedChallenging Lutgendorfs Ideas within his Article through Hayao Miyazakis Film, Spirited Away1740 Words   |  7 Pagescinema as well as to the study of cinema itself, which justifies discussion. This essay will attempt to challenge Lutgendorf’s ideas within his article through Hayao Miyazaki’s film, Spirited Away (2001) through the discussion of manga/animae origin, Japanese mythology, and genre hybridity. Plot Summary: Spirited Away introduces the protagonist of the film, a little girl named Chihiro in the back seat of her parent’s car. Chihiro and her family are driving to their new house located in the JapaneseRead MoreAn Analysis Of Hayao Miyazaki s Film, Spirited Away1445 Words   |  6 PagesHayao Miyazaki’s film, Spirited Away, depicts the journey of a young girl, Chihiro, into the spirit world and the struggle to escape back into the real world with her parents. Chihiro is the protagonist in Spirited Away. She is a ten year old girl moving to a new house in a new town. While travelling to the new house, her parents take a wrong shortcut which end up in front of a tunnel. After entering into tunnel they found it was the entrance to abandoned theme park which was closed a long time agoRead MoreAnalysis of Filming Techniques in Spirited Away1574 Words   |  7 PagesSpirited Away, titled Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi in Japan, follows a young girl named Chihiro on an adventurous, yet threatening journey into a magical realm after her parents are turned into pigs. She forms relationships with people that will help her find her way back home such as Haku, Zeniba, and Mr. Kamaji. She also encounters those like Yubaba who try to make her time in the realm of spirits difficult. Spirited Away quickly became Japan’s highest grossing film of all time. It received manyRead MoreEssay on Wonderment and Awe: the Way of the Kami4711 Words   |  19 Pagesnature; tradition and the family; and cleanliness (Picken 1994:9-10). For the scope of this article, I will be looking at how respect for the kami and nature inform two of Miyazaki’s films Princess Mononoke (Mononokehime 1997) and Spirited Away (Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi 2001). The key to Miyazaki’s work lies in his knack of transformation and transfusion. He transforms and reinvigorates the tenets of Shinto and also elements of Japanese myth such as dragons and gods. His films do not rework specificRead MoreLooking At A Few Of Them3927 Words   |  16 Pagesearth’s natural beauty while also conveying human waste and destruction of the environment and its impacts on all living organisms. Since Miyazaki has done several films with multiple issues, this essay will only be looking at Princess Mononoke and Spirited Away; both translated into English and presented in theatres. Scenes from the films themselves, story boards, interviews, reviews, and articles will be the main primary sources. Secondary sources include essays and plot summaries. About Hayao MiyazakiRead MoreEconomic Analysis of Hayao Miyazaki’s Spirited Away 1027 Words   |  5 Pageswith animation techniques. Hayao Miyazaki, a director, animator, screenwriter, and illustrator of such animated films is the creator of Spirited Away. Spirited Away is a film about Chihiro, a young girl who upon moving to a new town becomes lost in the spirit world after her father takes a wrong turn on their way to their new house. Hayao Miyazaki’s Spirited away illustrates not only the struggles Chihiro has to overcome in order to save her parents who turn into pigs upon eating the food of the spiritRead MoreHayao Japanese Film Director and Manga Artist Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, the theme is best shown in the 2001 film Spirited Away. Spirited Away features a young girl named Chihiro as the main character, and throughout the film she goes on a journey through the spirit world, learning to fend for herself as she tries to find a way to save her pare nts from Yubaba. Chihiro undergoes a lot of character development in the movie, and by the end she is far more independent and confident than she was at the beginning (Spirited Away). Nausicaà ¤ of the Valley of the Wind alsoRead MoreFilm Review Of The Film Spirited Away 1317 Words   |  6 Pages The film Spirited Away was written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki, produced in anime by Studio Ghibli in Tokyo, Japan, and released in 2001 (Sparknotes Editors). The film Spirited Away was very popular around the world and received the Best Animated Feature Film at the 75th Annual Academy Awards becoming the first anime film to win an Oscar (â€Å"Credits and Awards†). One of the reasons for its success is that it accurately represents the idea of Joseph Campbell’s monomyth or hero’s journey. TheRead MoreMiyazakis Spirited Away as a Storytelling Tool1864 Words   |  8 PagesIn Spirited Away, emphasis is placed on the importance of collectivism for Chihiro to achieve her goals - most prominently through the varied interaction with different characters, driving this narrative plot. Such a method of storytelling thus express how the force of th e community is fundamental to the Japanese society. Chihiro’s success in saving her parents hinges on the help she receives and gives in the spiritual world. In particular, Haku’s emotional support allows Chihiro to survive in aRead MorePortrayal Of Female Characters Of Hayao Miyazaki s Films1935 Words   |  8 PagesThe Portrayal of Female Characters in Hayao Miyazaki’s Films By Muhammad Aiman Mohd Zin I remembered the first time I was introduced to one of Miyazaki’s most prominent animation film, Spirited Away (2001). The film absolutely captured the essence of what a fantasy world should be. I was mesmerized by the characters, the style, the animation movement and the whole entire world. It was as if the world probably existed somewhere, hidden from the reality we live in. I was hooked with Miyazaki’s work

Mentoring Is A Nurturing Process Education Essay Free Essays

string(20) " to knock his work\." My mentee was one of my co-workers and friend at school, who had fewer old ages of learning experience than me. He teaches prevocational pupils who are of low ability and are recognized as being troublesome. Mentor indicated that they considered the ability to supply unfavorable judgment as imperative to carry throughing the function of supplying professional support. We will write a custom essay sample on Mentoring Is A Nurturing Process Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( Hall et al. , 2008 ) . Therefore I was cognizant that my relationship with my mentee was traveling to alter from a friendly to a professional 1. In order to keep the friendly relationship between me and my mentee, I realized that I should non be excessively dominant since mentoring exists merely in the context of a collaborative relationship based on a partnership in which neither party holds a place of power over the other. ( Landay in Awaya et al. , 2003 ) The mentoring procedure is non ever clearly understood in Education. I had to give my mentee a clear image of mentoring and the mentoring plans and this was really of import for both of us as a starting point. I explained to him that the mentoring procedure would be a journey where both of us would be larning from each other as Coombs stated â€Å" as we assist mentees to develop their ain professional pattern, we are co-enquiring into bettering our ain. ( Coombs, 2005 ) Mentoring is a procedure whereby a wise man ushers, Teachs, influences and supports a mentee, this was what I told my mentee about the function I would be set abouting along this journey. I besides made him cognizant of my function as a â€Å" critical friend † and how this function would be assisting him in his professional growing. What is of import is the procedure of contemplation by the actor, the mentee, so that they can larn more from the procedure and possibly go their ain â€Å" critical friend † ( Peddler, 1983 in Wood, 1997, p.335 ) . Self-reflection has been identified as a major portion of going a professional pedagogue. So, I explained my mentee, the ALACT theoretical account of self-reflection to happen solution to his job. V appreciated being given a clear sense of way, in footings of advice and thoughts with regular clip table meetings for the feedback and treatment. ( Hobson, 2002 in Cain, 2009 ) . Hence I had to inform V that it would be four hebdomads mentoring session with four formal meetings whereby feedbacks and treatments would be taken topographic point. My mentee seemed satisfied with the clear overview he got and found himself psychologically prepared and enthusiastic. I felt happy since we were screening the journey in a good and positive manner. My first category visit took topographic point on the 21st June 2012.The category period was of 40 proceedingss and there were 15 pupils in all. It was a little group and I was greeted by about all of the pupils. I sat at the dorsum of the schoolroom watching my mentee at work. We were already good friends may be that is why my mentee was at easiness in my presence. My mentee started directly off by pulling the works construction and labeling the different parts viz. the foliages, roots and roots without composing the subject of the lesson on the board. I did non happen the starting motor effectual since the aims and the intent of the lesson was non provided to the pupils. At the beginning of a category, the students ‘ concentration are at the extremum ad they are most receptive at that clip, so a proper starting motor helps to capture the involvement and concentration of the students and prosecute them to the full in larning. We can mention the starting motor as a mental ‘warming up ‘ . What I appreciated with my mentee was that he gave a clear, good structures presentation of the works construction utilizing pulling on board as ocular show. Siting at the back watching the pupils was in itself a utile experience. There was one student oscitance at the dorsum and I could see one looking outside the schoolroom and a few of them looking at their fingers or at their friends. This clearly showed their disinterest in the lesson. Even if the pupils were non demoing any involvement, they remained quiet in the category as if they were esteeming some regulations that have been established. I realized that every schoolroom is different, because every instructor is alone. My mentee maintain on his account. There was much of his speaking taking topographic point in forepart of the category. He did non travel about in the schoolroom. At the terminal of the lesson, my mentee did asked some inquiries to the pupils to guarantee if acquisition has taken topographic point. But this wa s done without taking their names. About all the inquiries were closed inquiries. Therefore students did non acquire chances to spread out their thoughts and engage in bad treatment. I observed that most of the pupils were unable to reply these inquiries. Questions should be structured to fit students ability degrees so that all are involved. But here, it was ever the same students answering. There was deficiency of engagement and deficiency of mental battle from the students ‘ sides. This may take to a feeling of dissatisfaction from their work and neutrality for the topic In my first reappraisal meeting with V, I had to supply him with feedback and thoughts and besides discourse them with him. Feedback is the most utile constituent of the plan ( Brandt, 2008, in Copland, 2010 ) . I started with the positive facets in order to construct up his assurance. He listened to me mutely. Then I moved on to the negative facets. As Maynard ( 2000 ) said wise mans appeared loath to state anything which might ache their mentee ‘s feelings, I did experience precisely the same I explained to myself that if I wanted to assist my mentee to develop professionally, I had to knock his work. You read "Mentoring Is A Nurturing Process Education Essay" in category "Best process essays" He started to warrant for the deficiency of active battle in the category, the ground being that the students were already of low ability. I listened to his justification, after which I asked him what harmonizing to him could be done to do the students engaged. I wanted V to undergo self-reflection because contemplation is the ability to convey past events to a witting degree to do sense of them and to find appropriate ways to move in future ( Baornett, 1990 in Wovel, 1997, p1338 ) . But I was non ready for that. Bergnet and Holmes believe that the individual is person of import, who has within him a great potency for alteration, who has the capacity to be a alteration agent. So I asked V whether he agreed to convey alterations for his professional development he needed. For that ground, I explained him in item the ALACT theoretical account: Action, Looking back on the action, Awareness of indispensable facets, Making alternate methods of action and eventually the Trial. I besides provided him the manner to his solution. We parted off on a friendly and jesting note after make up one’s minding the day of the month of the following category visit and feedback meeting. Afterwards when I reflected on the meeting, I felt guilty and was inquiring myself â€Å" was n’t I excessively rough while naming the negative facets? † Listing these facets one after the other might hold caused him to experience low and for that ground, V gave those justifications. I realize that following clip I should be more careful with the manner I listed the negative facets. During the 2nd category visit, I was once more greeted by the pupils. V was explicating on flower construction. This clip lesson aims were made clear and the subject of the lesson written on the board. He so drew a labelled diagram of a flower on the board and maintain on explicating on each portion of the flower. Still I could see the students non paying attending to their instructor. There were some who were even speaking when V was composing on board with his dorsum to the students. All the behaviours were due to miss of engagement of the pupils. If they would hold been engaged with their acquisition, there would hold been no speaking and looking here and at that place. This clip excessively, my mentee merely talked and talked in his account on flowers. Teaching ( like medical specialty ) requires application of cognition, reading of grounds and its application to real-life state of affairss, actioning critical thought accomplishments and old experiences ( Harrison, J.K et al.,2005 ) .Thus for learning pupils on flowers and its construction, I thought V could hold told his pupils to convey some flowers, which they could utilize to reenforce their acquisition and apprehension, so as to acquire the pupils to an analysis degree and do the larning active instead that inactive and develop accomp lishments for womb-to-tomb acquisition. â€Å" Good instructor accounts, with appropriate illustrations will bring forth mental battle and apprehension. Understanding is best thought if as holding a representation or theoretical account in the head that corresponds to the state of affairs or phenomenon being encountered. Battle is about assisting students to develop these mental theoretical accounts ( Ofsted active battle ) Concsiously, we teach what we know, unconsciously, we teach who we are. ( Hamachok, 1999, p.209 ) . teahcre ‘s competences are determined by his beliefs he told with respects to larning and learning and these find their actionsand every action that a instructor undertake has an consequence on students. Feiman-Nemsec ( 1983 ) province that instructors have themselves spent many old ages as studnets in schools, during which clip, they have developed their ain beliefs about learning, many of which are diametrically opposed to these presented to them during their teacher instruction. For illustration, they may hold developed the belief that instruction is transmittal of cognition and most teacher pedagogues find this belief non really good to going a good instructor. Unless instructors act on their contemplations of themselves and their beliefs so no development would take topographic point. I saw my mentee traveling about among the pupils while explicating. Before stoping the lessons, my mentee asked inquiries to the whole category to see if they have understood. But unluckily the inquiries being asked to the students remained unreciprocated since the scholars had non been engaged and larning had non taken topographic point. V felts slightly defeated. Questioning is extremely effectual. It should be structured to fit students ‘ ability degrees so that all are involved. It helps instructors to better their instruction when they make an attempt to larn their pupil ‘s names and acquire to cognize them personally. Questions should hold been asked separately by naming them by their names. V so shifted to closed inquiries. This clip all of those who knew the reply replied in chorus. The mentee so gave a classwork derived from their text edition. V moved about in the schoolroom while the students were making their classwork. He was look intoing if the work was bein g done. After completion of the classwork, V corrected it on the board. I left the schoolroom after repairing for the 2nd feedback meeting When we met, I asked my mentee how he found his category instruction. He showed his dissatisfaction with the deficiency of response from the pupils and asked for my suggestions. I could feel that V recognized that his instruction has non been effectual and that he wanted to have these constructive unfavorable judgment, support and solutions. Mentors hoped to back up their mentee while working together with them to larn new thoughts that they could implement. ( Abell et al. , 1995, Koballa et al. , in imperativeness in Bradbury and Koballa Jr, 2008, p.2142 ) . There was a demand to speak since speaking is an of import manner of acquisition. So I talked about active battle, doing the students take parting instead that the instructor kept on speaking about the whole category period. I told my mentee to reflect on what could be done to acquire the pupils involved so that larning takes topographic point. That was the advantage of holding mentoring review meetings to enable mentee to refle ct profoundly on their experience of instruction and to get mostly at their ain decisions ( Martin, 1995, in Cain, 2009 ) . V cam up with the same thought I had, of conveying flowers to show the construction of flowers. I smiled since our ideas matched as if he had read my head. I agreed to his thought and suggested him that he could organize group acquisition, spliting the students in groups, where each group would discourse and speak about the construction of flowers which pupils in each group had brought. Group acquisition is good since it acquire all of the students involved, there would be sharing of information and development of communicating accomplishments. But V showed reluctance for the group larning the ground being that such attacks of advancing whole-class synergistic engagement may take to misbehavior. I encouraged V to give a attempt and offered him my aid in instance of any hazard of misbehaviour. Anyhow the pupils seemed afraid of V, so there might be no opportunit y of misbehaviour. By this clip, he agreed to give a attempt in the following category visit. The mentoring procedure and the mentoring meetings are clip devouring and demand tonss of forbearance. So I should non hotfoot my mentee. We would hold to see the negative facets small by small and conveying alterations bit by bit. We so left for tiffin By this clip of the mentoring procedure, my mentee and I were looking frontward for the undermentioned category visits as we were approximately to experiment a new thought and the schoolroom was as if the research lab. Unconsciously, my mentee and I were larning the mentoring civilization which is a civilization that encourages wise mans and mentees to see each other as confederates and follow determination shapers instead than figures keeping unequal places in a hierarchal construction. V got the students into groups. About all the students had brought all types of flowers bespeaking their avidity and enthusiasm. The salutation I received this clip was so different. It was warmer and full of felicity. How to cite Mentoring Is A Nurturing Process Education Essay, Essays

FM-BIM Integration Infrastructure Industry of UK

Question: To determine state of the art of BIM-FM integration within infrastructure projects To identify the drivers and challenges of BIM for FM. To evaluate critically, models and frameworks relevant to support information flow. Answer: Introduction Khosrowshahi and Arayici (2012) have stated that Building Information Modeling is largely recognized as one of the established design methodologies in the construction business. This has been highly adopted by several architects, engineers as well as contractors in different parts of the world. Therefore, it can be stated that the application of Building Information Modeling for infrastructure has been rapidly accelerating as the owners as well as the engineering service suppliers increasingly identify the reimbursement of 3D modeling using intellectual objects. It is required to mention here that Building Information Modeling is an information-rich as well as a model-centric process with the power to change the release of the project and add worth crosswise to the life cycle of the entire infrastructure assets (Volk, Stengel and Schultmann 2014). Therefore, this particular research work would shed light on developing guidelines for FM-BIM Integration infrastructural projects in the United Kingdom. Background of the Research Isikdag (2015) has said that Building Information Modeling is a shared data and knowledge platform for all the existing stakeholders involved in the entire process. Apart from that, this gives a basis for decision making during the whole lifecycle of a building to design, build, maintain, operate and demolish. It can be said that Building Information Modeling can take into account several dimensions of data to support processes for different stakeholders. It has been seen that in various parts, Building Information Modeling has been used as a central information as well as collaboration platform at the time of designing, engineering and constructing of any building might bring many benefits. Yalcinkaya and Singh (2014) have said that it tends to reduce the number of the data sources drastically and it results in less failure; increase the speed of delivery, improved productivity and collaboration and higher quality and lower costs. Therefore, the importance of Building Information Mo deling has been gradually achieving importance and thus further research is required on this topic (Meng 2015). Problem Statement It has not been proved yet that Building Information Modeling helps Facility Management professionals and thus they are required to prove the benefits of using Building Information Modeling. Facility Management is considered as one of the rigid processes and thus, BIFM team need to work in collaboration with the FM professionals to understand their goals to implement a system for the Facility Management. Research Rationale Meng (2015) has said that the level of Building Information Modeling adoption, as well as the use in the infrastructure sector, is a few years behind the vertical construction. It has been found that almost half of the infrastructure organizations surveyed is at present using Building Information Modeling technologies as well as a process on some part of their infrastructure. UK government has stated that all the central government projects are required to follow BIM. However, the FM team and the professionals have not witnessed the benefits of using BIM. Therefore, they are in a dilemma whether to use it or not presently. Research Aim To investigate how early participation in Facility Management in projects can augment improved liberation of infrastructure for operations and continuation. Research Objectives To settle on the state of the art of BIM-FM combination within infrastructure projects. To identify the drivers and challenges of BIM for FM. To evaluate critically, models and frameworks relevant to support information flow. Research Questions How to ensure smooth information flow across different life cycle stages within the project What are critical barriers to facility information flow? What is best practice in BIM-FM integration? Research Structure Figure 1.1: Research Structure (Source: Author) Summary The first part of the research work seems to be the base of the whole research work and thus, the researcher has tried to mention the key points in the entire task. Apart from that, the learner has tried to introduce the structure of the entire research work in this chapter, so that a brief idea of the whole research work can be gained through this. Literature Review In this part of the proposal, a brief description of FM-BIM integration will be discussed. Figure 2.1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Made by the Researcher) BIM for infrastructure BIM or Building Information Modeling is a very popular design methodology which is vastly used in building industry. Most of the engineers, architects and contractors use this software in their respected professional fields. The function of BIM for infrastructure is continuously growing as authors and engineering service providers are recognizing the benefits of 3D modeling using intelligent objects. BIM is known as an information-rich, model-centric process with the power to transform project delivery and all value across the lifecycle of infrastructure resources. BIM mainly facilitates business processes. It serves to increase clarity of project intent for all stakeholders, ensures data fidelity and continuity across the lifecycle of a project and helps an organization to gain a foundation for their business agility (Khosrowshahi and Arayici 2012). Importance of BIM The traditional process of working cannot convene the pounding need for newly transformed infrastructure amid today's economic realities. Companies in infrastructure industry quickly understood that old method by which projects were delivered and assets were managed must undergo a fundamental change to meet critical objectives. It was decided that the gap between investment demand and limited access to capital must be closed to improve productivity and transparency. Because of aging infrastructure and severe urban growth, companies of UK were putting their money and time to offer more creativity for their work to close the funding gap (Eadie et al. 2013). Therefore, Building Information Modeling or BIM was introduced to enhance productivity, quality and cost-effectiveness by transforming processes like business planning, designing, building and managing goods. BIM can close the funding gap by reducing cost and increasing potential sources of funding with more predictable ROI. With th e help of BIM, infrastructure companies in UK are hoping to upgrade the infrastructure marketplace within in next 20 years (Volk, Stengel and Schultmann 2014). Figure 2.2: Infrastructure marketplace within next 20 years (Source: Maradza, Whyte and Larsen 2014) BMI in UK infrastructure industry and Facility Management Driven by policies of UK Government and desperate economic circumstances, the construction industry in UK is slowly but steadily adopting building information modeling. After BMI level 3 document is released, the government of UK continues to drive forward their digital construction agenda, "Digital Build Britain" which was started in February. However, one the area of infrastructure in UK has struggled to cope up with the demands of BIM, which is facilities management or FM. It is suggested that FM teams will be provided a complete knowledge on the BMI model during construction and use of the model to overhaul the efficiency of their management operations. The project life cycle will move forward with time and the same model will be handed back to design teams when the project will demand to be refurbished (Maradza, Whyte and Larsen 2013). However, Capita, like many companies has argued that post-construction knowledge transfer process in not as effective as other companies are hoping. UK Government has already announced and released their BIM mandate that states all the infrastructure companies must adapt level two BIM processes in all central government projects by 2016. After this mandate, most of the companies are reestablishing their company structure to welcome BIM in their system. However, the FM market having different priorities and ways of working has not engaged in the drive for BIM in the same way (Isikdag 2015). It is difficult to expect that clients and facilities management teams will invest in the necessary software, processes or expertise to accommodate BIM models. Especially for small organizations, it is not possible to restructure their whole system. Besides, most of the facilities management teams do not use any specialist software at all. Therefore, it is expected that they will hardly invest in niche design and modeling software like BIM (Kelly et al. 2013). Possibilities of BMI in facilities management Facility management professionals must use building information modeling processes to realize the full potential of the software for delivering value and cost savings over a buildings lifetime. The First FM leaders Forum was build to bring leaders of the FM teams in one place and to help them to discuss issues on BIM and facilities management (Kassem et al. 2015). The primary objective of BIM is to create and maintain facilities that are more efficient having lower carbon emission, lower run costs and more effective and safer places to work and live. The facilities management teams and professionals must allow themselves to understand the BIM technology and its full potential. BIM is transforming their processes to meet the demands of FM. They will have to meet the following things to raise FM profile across the construction industry (Yalcinkaya and Singh 2014) The demonstrating value will be the primary target of BIM which will allow the FM teams to deliver their jobs more efficiently. BMI will clearly elaborate the meaning of lifetime value of buildings. It will also help the facilities management team to figure out the fact that it includes operational as well as constructional costs (Meng 2015). Another goal of the BIM is to involve the facilities managers at specification stages where they would be in a position to work with a designer on creating digital plans to work (Yalcinkaya and Singh 2014). BIM professionals will have to transform the software in such a way that it can help the facilities management teams to develop their work standard, systems of classification and datasets. Challenges of facilities management in BIM The current cultural approach of FM industry in UK is the main problem which is creating obstacles while adopting new processes and technologies. Being rigid in its approach, FM industry will not adopt any new technology like BIM unless its benefits are proven clearly (Yalcinkaya and Singh 2014). Interoperability between the technologies of BIM and FM is another issue in the handover of information and data to operation stage. For example, buildings where FM legacy system is all set to perform for next one or two decades, facility managers of that building will not use BIM unless the transfer of BIM data is automated and the value of BIM is demonstrated. Last but not the least, the biggest challenge of using BMI is the absence of proper contractual and legal framework for implementation. However, it is suggested that in near future legal and liability requirements in the building industry will introduce the contract between the two parties which will be conducted via written and two-dimensional graphical form. The primary legal risk of implementing BIM in FM is to determine the ownership of the BIM data and to protect the data through copyright and other laws (Maradza, Whyte and Larsen 2014). Summary BIM in FM allocation is still considered as an emerging field in UK. The government is forcing the infrastructure companies to adopt BIM for each and every central government projects to save the overall cost. However, the understanding of the challenges and value-adding potential of BIM is FM is essential at this early stage. Therefore, it was important to conduct this research to find out difficulties and values of BIM in facilities management. Research Methodology Introduction After gaining specific knowledge from theories and research works, in this chapter, the researcher has tried to make a suitable research methodology to carry on the entire research work. The raised problems in the introductory chapter have been tried to deal carefully and thus proper research methodology is required to follow. The case study of Northumbria University has been taken into consideration and the research methodology has been conducted upon that. Selection of Research Paradigm (Positivism) Interpretivism and positivism are two types of research philosophies and based on the requirement of the research work; these research theories are used. Positivism research philosophy facilitates in preparing critical and rational examination on the on the theme of the research work depending on the appropriate facts and confirmations. On the contrary, interpretivism gives stress on the application of human awareness to examine the investigate problems (Ahram 2011). Therefore, it can be said that positivism research philosophy has been proved to be appropriate for this research work. Selection of Research Approach (Deductive) The deductive approach has been shown to be advantageous in several research works, as it concentrates on gaining proper knowledge and use top to bottom approach. On the contrary, the inductive approach seems to be advantageous in those cases, where new theories are required to establish as per the accordance of the research topic (Al 2013). Therefore, after discussing the nature and characteristics of these two research approaches, the deductive approach has been selected here to carry on the research work (Alvesson and Sandberg 2013). Selection of Research Purpose (Analytical) Brown and Stowers (2013) has explanatory research purpose helps in creating proper co-ordination between two research variables. On the other hand, exploratory research work gives importance on gathering background information on the research subject since the objectives of the research work is not yet intended properly. Cameron (2009) has opined that analytical research purpose gives importance to preparing for the test association between the dependent and the independent research variables of the research topic. Therefore, analytical research purpose has been appropriate for this research work and thus it has been selected. Selection of Research Strategy (Case Study) This particular research study has been conducted on Northumbria Universitys city campus that is based in Newcastle upon Tyne. This entire university is made up of 32 non-residential buildings and was started in the year 2010. The commission of the university appointed five developers in order to produce building information models that concentrate on enhancing the performance of the space management. Therefore to gain in depth knowledge, the researcher has conducted an interview with 5 members of the estate department of Northumbria University. Chandra and Sharma (2013) has stated that one researcher can choose the research strategies depending on the suitable research purpose and surveys and interviews, case study analysis and experiments are used in the research work to gain knowledge. Survey has been proved to be beneficial for those research works were gathering data from a huge population is important for the research work. On the other hand, surveys are important as well, as t his helps the research work to get knowledge from that populace who are unswervingly connected with the research troubles. In this research work, the case study analysis has been done for the convenience of the research work. Assortment of Sampling Methods and Sample Size In regards to gain qualitative information, the investigator has conducted an interview with 6 BIM professionals and 4 FM professionals along with 5 members of the estate department of Northumbria University, as they are directly linked with the situation. Research Collection: Secondary Sources In thiscase study, both primary and secondary sources have been taken into consideration for gathering data and it has been mentioned here. The information received through interview has helped to gain ample information to know about the research topic. Secondary Research Reviewing the existing literature along with the relevant theories and models, the researcher has gained relevant information regarding the research topics and this has helped the researcher to carry on the entire study (Eaton 2013). This research work is based on case study analysis and thus, the researcher has gathered data from the case study. Therefore, it can be stated the the research work is secondary research work and the entire research has been done based on that. The detailed study of the case study is thus one of the major sources of achieving information related to the research topics to the researcher. Data Analysis After gathering data through case study, the researcher will compare the data with the already existing theories, models and research works in order to find out the differences. Leedy and Ormrod (2013) have stated that, in case of data analysis, the researcher is required to provide further recommendations based on the demand of the situation. Ethical Considerations It is fairly essential to pursue the regulations drawn up by the Data Protection Act 1998 and be certain that none of the respondents are enforced to partake in the investigating procedure. Any contestant can take out his/her contribution as per their expediency (Leedy and Ormrod 2013). The investigator also does not utilize the information for any other reason somewhat than the educational work. The investigator is conscious of the detail that both the investigation reports and conference inquiries are prominent (Klassen et al. 2012). All the information is confidential and without the consent of the interviewee, the researcher is not allowed to disclose the data anywhere. References Ahram, A. 2011. The theory and method of comparative area studies. Qualitative Research, 11(1), pp.69-90. Al, S. 2013. Interpretive research design: concepts and processes. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(4), pp.351-352. Alvesson, M. and Sandberg, J. 2013. Constructing Research Questions. London: SAGE Publications. Brown, J. and Stowers, E. 2013. Use of Data in Collections Work: An Exploratory Survey.Collection Management, 38(2), pp.143-162. Cameron, R. 2009. 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